Head injuries are most common among teens from sports accidents, car accidents, or falls. They can result in skull fractures, scalp wounds, concussion, brain injury/brain damage, and should always receive urgent medical attention. Many head injuries are minor and don't require hospitalization. However, call 911 immediately in the U.S. and Canada if any of the following symptoms are apparent. (For other countries, see our First Aid page for the emergency number.)

Severe head or facial bleeding, or oozing of fluid from the ear or ears.

Change in level of consciousness, even if temporary!

Black and blue marks below the eyes or behind the ears.

Cessation of breathing.

If the person seems fine, but they say they "saw stars" when they hit their head, or "blacked-out", they should be examined by a health care provider or taken to the emergency room. Better to be extra cautious with head injuries.

It may be seen or indicated, in some cases by blood or fluid from the ear, or loss of consciousness, or by a wound or sometimes there may be no signs.

Treatment

If any discharge comes from the ear, lie them down towards the injured side and cover with a sterile dressing - DO NOT PLUG.

If the person is unconscious, place him/her lying down with the injured side down.

If the person is conscious, place him/her in a half sitting position, with head and shoulders supported. If you suspect spinal injury, keep the person's head and trunk aligned at all times.

Check breathing and pulse every ten minutes.

Call 911 immediately in the U.S. and Canada. (For other countries, see our First Aid page for the emergency number.)

Concussion

This is a condition of temporary disturbance to the brain after a head injury. It may involve unconsciousness and, occasionally, loss of memory. A concussion can range from mild to severe.

Treatment

If breathing and heartbeat stops, begin CPR immediately. Call 911 in the U.S. and Canada. (For other countries, see our First Aid page for the emergency number.)

If the person is unconscious, place him in the recovery position (lying down) while awaiting removal to hospital.

In serious cases, check breathing rate, and watch carefully for signs of delayed unconsciousness, shock, stroke, while waiting for medical personnel.

In all cases consult a health care provider, or go to the emergency room.

If loss of consciousness occurs, the person should be examined at a hospital!